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GNU Info File | 1995-09-01 | 49.8 KB | 1,124 lines

This is Info file ../../info/xemacs.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input file xemacs.texi. This file documents the XEmacs editor. Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman. Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Lucid, Inc. Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Copyright (C) 1995 Amdahl Corporation. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of in the original English. File: xemacs.info, Node: Top, Next: License, Up: (dir) The XEmacs Editor ***************** XEmacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and some of how to customize it, but not how to extend it. It corresponds to XEmacs version 19.13. This manual is intended as a detailed reference to XEmacs. If you are looking for an introductory manual, see the New User's Guide. * Menu: * License:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission to redistribute XEmacs on certain terms; and also explains that there is no warranty. * Distrib:: How to get XEmacs. * Intro:: An introduction to XEmacs concepts. * Glossary:: The glossary. * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! Indices, nodes containing large menus * Key Index:: An item for each standard XEmacs key sequence. * Command Index:: An item for each command name. * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. Important General Concepts * Frame:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. * Keystrokes:: Keyboard gestures XEmacs recognizes. * Pull-down Menus:: The XEmacs Pull-down Menus available under X. * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. * Exiting:: Stopping or killing XEmacs. * Command Switches:: Hairy startup options. Fundamental Editing Commands * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. * Undo:: Undoing recently made changes in the text. * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. * Help:: Commands for asking XEmacs about its commands. Important Text-Changing Commands * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a "region" of text. * Mouse Selection:: Selecting text with the mouse. * Additional Mouse Operations:: Other operations available from the mouse. * Killing:: Killing text. * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. * Using X Selections:: Using primary selection, cut buffers, and highlighted regions. * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. Larger Units of Text * Files:: All about handling files. * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. Advanced Features * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. * Running:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce the number of characters you must type. * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters using the quarter-plane screen model. * Sending Mail::Sending mail in XEmacs. * Reading Mail::Reading mail in XEmacs. * Calendar/Diary:: A Calendar and diary facility in XEmacs. * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within XEmacs. * Shell:: Executing shell commands from XEmacs. * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion of the buffer. * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions. * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing "within the command". This is called a `recursive editing level'. * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. * CONX:: A different kind of dissociation. * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with XEmacs. * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of XEmacs. Recovery from Problems. * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. * Lossage:: What to do if XEmacs is hung or malfunctioning. * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: -- The Detailed Node Listing -- The Organization of the Frame * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the frame. * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. * XEmacs under X:: Some information on using XEmacs under the X Window System. Keystrokes * Intro to Keystrokes:: Keystrokes as building blocks of key sequences. * Representing Keystrokes:: Using lists of modifiers and keysyms to represent keystrokes. * Key Sequences:: Combine key strokes into key sequences you can bind to commands. * String Key Sequences:: Available for upward compatibility. * Meta Key:: Using ESC to represent Meta * Super and Hyper Keys:: Adding modifier keys on certain keyboards. * Character Representation:: How characters appear in XEmacs buffers. * Commands:: How commands are bound to key sequences. Pull-down Menus * File Menu:: Items on the File menu. * Edit Menu:: Items on the Edit menu. * Buffers Menu:: Information about the Buffers menu * Help Menu:: Items on the Help menu. * Menu Customization:: Adding and removing menu items and related operations. Basic Editing Commands * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the frame. * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. The Minibuffer * File: Minibuffer File. Entering file names with the minibuffer. * Edit: Minibuffer Edit. How to edit in the minibuffer. * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. The Mark and the Region * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. Yanking * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. Using X Selections * X Clipboard Selection:: Pasting to the X clipboard. * X Selection Commands:: Other operations on the selection. * X Cut Buffers:: X cut buffers are available for compatibility. * Active Regions:: Using zmacs-style highlighting of the selected region. Registers * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. * RegText:: Saving text in registers. * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. Controlling the Display * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. * Display Vars:: Information on variables for customizing display. Searching and Replacement * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. * Non-Incremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. Replacement Commands * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. * Query Replace:: How to use querying. Commands for Fixing Typos * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. File Handling * File Names:: How to type and edit file name arguments. * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares XEmacs to edit the file. * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS and SCCS). * ListDir:: Listing the contents of a file directory. * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. * Dired:: "Editing" a directory to delete, rename, etc. the files in it. * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. Saving Files * Backup:: How XEmacs saves the old version of your file. * Interlocking:: How XEmacs protects against simultaneous editing of one file by two users. Backup Files * Names: Backup Names. How backup files are named; Choosing single or numbered backup files. * Deletion: Backup Deletion. XEmacs deletes excess numbered backups. * Copying: Backup Copying. Backups can be made by copying or renaming. Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters * Files: Auto Save Files. * Control: Auto Save Control. * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files. Version Control * Concepts of VC:: Basic version control information; checking files in and out. * Editing with VC:: Commands for editing a file maintained with version control. * Variables for Check-in/out:: Variables that affect the commands used to check files in or out. * Log Entries:: Logging your changes. * Change Logs and VC:: Generating a change log file from log entries. * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions. * VC Status:: Commands to view the VC status of files and look at log entries. * Renaming and VC:: A command to rename both the source and master file correctly. * Snapshots:: How to make and use snapshots, a set of file versions that can be treated as a unit. * Version Headers:: Inserting version control headers into working files. Snapshots * Making Snapshots:: The snapshot facilities. * Snapshot Caveats:: Things to be careful of when using snapshots. Dired, the Directory Editor * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. * Edit: Dired Edit. Editing the Dired buffer. * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. * Immed: Dired Immed. Other file operations through Dired. Using Multiple Buffers * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers and operate variously on several of them. Multiple Windows * Basic Window:: Introduction to XEmacs windows. * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. Major Modes * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. Indentation * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then indent to the next tab stop when you want to. * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. Commands for Human Languages * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. * Nroff Mode:: The major mode for editing input to the formatter nroff. * TeX Mode:: The major modes for editing input to the formatter TeX. * Outline Mode::The major mode for editing outlines. * Words:: Moving over and killing words. * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. * Pages:: Moving over pages. * Filling:: Filling or justifying text * Case:: Changing the case of text TeX Mode * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. Outline Mode * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through outlines. * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. Filling Text * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. * Fill Prefix:: Filling when every line is indented or in a comment, etc. Editing Programs * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. * Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. There are editing commands to operate on them. * Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions. There are editing commands to operate on them. * Grinding:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. * Comments:: Inserting, filling and aligning comments. * Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc. * Lisp Completion:: Completion on symbol names in Lisp code. * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one command. Tags remembers which file it is in. * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. Indentation for Programs * Basic Indent:: * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. * C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code. Tag Tables * Tag Syntax:: * Create Tag Table:: * Select Tag Table:: * Find Tag:: * Tags Search:: * Tags Stepping:: * List Tags:: Fortran Mode * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms. * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran. * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments. * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran. * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. Fortran Indentation * Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting Fortran. * Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent. * Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble. * Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style. Compiling and Testing Programs * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.) * Modes: Lisp Modes. Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with different facilities for running the Lisp programs. * Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in XEmacs. * Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in XEmacs. * Debug: Lisp Debug. Debugging Lisp programs running in XEmacs. * Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an XEmacs buffer. * External Lisp:: Communicating through XEmacs with a separate Lisp. Lisp Libraries * Loading:: Loading libraries of Lisp code into XEmacs for use. * Compiling Libraries:: Compiling a library makes it load and run faster. * Mocklisp:: Converting Mocklisp to Lisp so XEmacs can run it. Abbrevs * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. Editing Pictures * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion after "self-inserting" characters. * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. Sending Mail * Format: Mail Format. Format of the mail being composed. * Headers: Mail Headers. Details of allowed mail header fields. * Mode: Mail Mode. Special commands for editing mail being composed. Running Shell Commands from XEmacs * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via XEmacs. * Shell Mode:: Special XEmacs commands used with permanent shell. Customization * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on independently of any others. * Variables:: Many XEmacs commands examine XEmacs variables to decide what to do; by setting variables, you can control their functioning. * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. By changing them, you can "redefine keys". * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and expressions are parsed. * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the `.emacs' file. * Audible Bell:: Changing how XEmacs sounds the bell. * Faces:: Changing the fonts and colors of a region of text. Variables * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. * Edit Options:: Examining or editing list of all variables' values. * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. Keyboard Macros * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. * Kbd Macro Query:: Keyboard macros that do different things each use. Customizing Key Bindings * Keymaps:: Definition of the keymap data structure. Names of XEmacs's standard keymaps. * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required before it can be executed. This is done to protect beginners from surprises. The Syntax Table * Entry: Syntax Entry. What the syntax table records for each character. * Change: Syntax Change. How to change the information. The Init File, `~/.emacs' * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. Dealing with XEmacs Trouble * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search. * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape-- What to do if XEmacs stops responding. * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. File: xemacs.info, Node: License, Next: Distrib, Prev: Top, Up: Top GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE ************************** Version 1, February 1989 Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble ======== The license agreements of most software companies try to keep users at the mercy of those companies. By contrast, our General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. The General Public License applies to the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. You can use it for your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Specifically, the General Public License is designed to make sure that you have the freedom to give away or sell copies of free software, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of a such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must tell them their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. TERMS AND CONDITIONS 1. This License Agreement applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications. Each licensee is addressed as "you". 2. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this General Public License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this General Public License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy. 3. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, and copy and distribute such modifications under the terms of Paragraph 1 above, provided that you also do the following: * cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change; and * cause the whole of any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains the Program or any part thereof, either with or without modifications, to be licensed at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this General Public License (except that you may choose to grant warranty protection to some or all third parties, at your option). * If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the simplest and most usual way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this General Public License. * You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. Mere aggregation of another independent work with the Program (or its derivative) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of these terms. 4. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a portion or derivative of it, under Paragraph 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: * accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or, * accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party free (except for a nominal charge for the cost of distribution) a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or, * accompany it with the information you received as to where the corresponding source code may be obtained. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form alone.) Source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable file, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains; but, as a special exception, it need not include source code for modules which are standard libraries that accompany the operating system on which the executable file runs, or for standard header files or definitions files that accompany that operating system. 5. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the Program except as expressly provided under this General Public License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights to use the Program under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights to use copies, from you under this General Public License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 6. By copying, distributing or modifying the Program (or any work based on the Program) you indicate your acceptance of this license to do so, and all its terms and conditions. 7. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. 8. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of the license which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the license, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 9. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 10. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 11. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs ======================================================= If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to humanity, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (a program to direct compilers to make passes at assemblers) written by James Hacker. SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice That's all there is to it! File: xemacs.info, Node: Distrib, Next: Intro, Prev: License, Up: Top Distribution ************ XEmacs is "free"; this means that everyone is free to use it and free to redistribute it on a free basis. XEmacs is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of XEmacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with XEmacs and also appears following this section. The easiest way to get a copy of XEmacs is from someone else who has it. You need not ask for permission to do so, or tell any one else; just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest version of XEmacs from the anonymous FTP server `ftp.cs.uiuc.edu' in the directory `/pub/xemacs'. It can also be found at numerous other archive sites around the world; check the file `etc/DISTRIB' in an XEmacs distribution for the latest known list. Getting Other Versions of Emacs =============================== The Free Software Foundation's version of Emacs (called "FSF Emacs" in this manual and often referred to as "GNU Emacs") is available by anonymous FTP from `prep.ai.mit.edu'. Win-Emacs, an older version of XEmacs that runs on Microsoft Windows and Windows NT, is available by anonymous FTP from `ftp.netcom.com' in the directory `/pub/pe/pearl', or from `ftp.cica.indiana.edu' as the files `wemdemo*.zip' in the directory `/pub/pc/win3/demo'. File: xemacs.info, Node: Intro, Next: Glossary, Prev: Distrib, Up: Top Introduction ************ You are reading about XEmacs, an incarnation of the advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs. XEmacs provides many powerful display and user-interface capabilities not found in other Emacsen and is mostly upwardly compatible with GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation (referred to as "FSF Emacs" in this manual). XEmacs also comes standard with a great number of useful packages. We say that XEmacs is a "display" editor because normally the text being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you type. *Note Display: Frame. We call XEmacs a "real-time" editor because the display is updated very frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your head as you edit. *Note Real-time: Basic. We call XEmacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond simple insertion and deletion: filling of text; automatic indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in several different programming languages. It is much easier to type one command meaning "go to the end of the paragraph" than to find that spot with simple cursor keys. "Self-documenting" means that at any time you can type a special character, `Control-h', to find out what your options are. You can also use `C-h' to find out what a command does, or to find all the commands relevant to a topic. *Note Help::. "Customizable" means you can change the definitions of XEmacs commands. For example, if you use a programming language in which comments start with `<**' and end with `**>', you can tell the XEmacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings (*note Comments::.). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the command set. For example, you can set up the four basic cursor motion commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the keyboard if you prefer. *Note Customization::. "Extensible" means you can go beyond simple customization and write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by XEmacs's own Lisp interpreter. XEmacs is an "on-line extensible" system: it is divided into many functions that call each other. You can redefine any function in the middle of an editing session and replace any part of XEmacs without making a separate copy of all of XEmacs. Most of the editing commands of XEmacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions could have been written in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Only a programmer can write an extension to XEmacs, but anybody can use it afterward. File: xemacs.info, Node: Frame, Next: Keystrokes, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top The XEmacs Frame **************** Frame In many environments, such as a tty terminal, an XEmacs frame literally takes up the whole screen. If you are running XEmacs in a multi-window system like the X Window System, the XEmacs frame takes up one X window. *Note XEmacs under X::, for more information. Window No matter what environment you are running in, XEmacs allows you to look at several buffers at the same time by having several windows be part of the frame. Often, the whole frame is taken up by just one window, but you can split the frame into two or more subwindows. If you are running XEmacs under the X window system, that means you can have several "XEmacs windows" inside the X window that contains the XEmacs frame. You can even have multiple frames in different X windows, each with their own set of subwindows. Each XEmacs frame displays a variety of information: * The biggest area usually displays the text you are editing. It may consist of one window or of two or more windows if you need to look at two buffers a the same time. * Below each text window's last line is a "mode line" (*note Mode Line::.), which describes what is going on in that window. The mode line is in inverse video if the terminal supports that. If there are several XEmacs windows in one frame, each window has its own mode line. * At the bottom of each XEmacs frame is the "echo area" or "minibuffer window"(*note Echo Area::.). It is used by XEmacs to exchange information with the user. There is only one echo area per XEmacs frame. * If you are running XEmacs under the X Window System, a menu bar at the top of the frame makes shortcuts to several of the commands available (*note Pull-down Menus::.). You can subdivide the XEmacs frame into multiple text windows, and use each window for a different file (*note Windows::.). Multiple XEmacs windows are tiled vertically on the XEmacs frame. The upper XEmacs window is separated from the lower window by its mode line. When there are multiple, tiled XEmacs windows on a single XEmacs frame, the XEmacs window receiving input from the keyboard has the "keyboard focus" and is called the "selected window". The selected window contains the cursor, which indicates the insertion point. If you are working in an environment that permits multiple XEmacs frames, and you move the focus from one XEmacs frame into another, the selected window is the one that was last selected in that frame. The same text can be displayed simultaneously in several XEmacs windows, which can be in different XEmacs frames. If you alter the text in an XEmacs buffer by editing it in one XEmacs window, the changes are visible in all XEmacs windows containing that buffer. * Menu: * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the frame. * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. * XEmacs under X:: Some information on using XEmacs under the X Window System. File: xemacs.info, Node: Point, Next: Echo Area, Prev: Frame, Up: Frame Point ===== When XEmacs is running, the cursor shows the location at which editing commands will take effect. This location is called "point". You can use keystrokes or the mouse cursor to move point through the text and edit the text at different places. While the cursor appears to point AT a character, you should think of point as BETWEEN two characters: it points BEFORE the character on which the cursor appears. Sometimes people speak of "the cursor" when they mean "point," or speak of commands that move point as "cursor motion" commands. Each XEmacs frame has only one cursor. When output is in progress, the cursor must appear where the typing is being done. This does not mean that point is moving. It is only that XEmacs has no way to show you the location of point except when the terminal is idle. If you are editing several files in XEmacs, each file has its own point location. A file that is not being displayed remembers where point is. Point becomes visible at the correct location when you look at the file again. When there are multiple text windows, each window has its own point location. The cursor shows the location of point in the selected window. The visible cursor also shows you which window is selected. If the same buffer appears in more than one window, point can be moved in each window independently. The term `point' comes from the character `.', which was the command in TECO (the language in which the original Emacs was written) for accessing the value now called `point'. File: xemacs.info, Node: Echo Area, Next: Mode Line, Prev: Point, Up: Frame The Echo Area ============= The line at the bottom of the frame (below the mode line) is the "echo area". XEmacs uses this area to communicate with the user: * "Echoing" means printing out the characters that the user types. XEmacs never echoes single-character commands. Multi-character commands are echoed only if you pause while typing them: As soon as you pause for more than one second in the middle of a command, all the characters of the command so far are echoed. This is intended to "prompt" you for the rest of the command. Once echoing has started, the rest of the command is echoed immediately as you type it. This behavior is designed to give confident users fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum feedback. You can change this behavior by setting a variable (*note Display Vars::.). * If you issue a command that cannot be executed, XEmacs may print an "error message" in the echo area. Error messages are accompanied by a beep or by flashing the frame. Any input you have typed ahead is thrown away when an error happens. * Some commands print informative messages in the echo area. These messages look similar to error messages, but are not announced with a beep and do not throw away input. Sometimes a message tells you what the command has done, when this is not obvious from looking at the text being edited. Sometimes the sole purpose of a command is to print a message giving you specific information. For example, the command `C-x =' is used to print a message describing the character position of point in the text and its current column in the window. Commands that take a long time often display messages ending in `...' while they are working, and add `done' at the end when they are finished. * The echo area is also used to display the "minibuffer", a window that is used for reading arguments to commands, such as the name of a file to be edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the echo area displays with a prompt string that usually ends with a colon. The cursor appears after the prompt. You can always get out of the minibuffer by typing `C-g'. *Note Minibuffer::. File: xemacs.info, Node: Mode Line, Next: XEmacs under X, Prev: Echo Area, Up: Frame The Mode Line ============= Each text window's last line is a "mode line" which describes what is going on in that window. When there is only one text window, the mode line appears right above the echo area. The mode line is in inverse video if the terminal supports that, starts and ends with dashes, and contains text like `XEmacs: SOMETHING'. If a mode line has something else in place of `XEmacs: SOMETHING', the window above it is in a special subsystem such as Dired. The mode line then indicates the status of the subsystem. Normally, the mode line has the following appearance: --CH-XEmacs: BUF (MAJOR MINOR)----POS------ This gives information about the buffer being displayed in the window: the buffer's name, what major and minor modes are in use, whether the buffer's text has been changed, and how far down the buffer you are currently looking. CH contains two stars (`**') if the text in the buffer has been edited (the buffer is "modified"), or two dashes (`--') if the buffer has not been edited. Exception: for a read-only buffer, it is `%%'. BUF is the name of the window's chosen "buffer". The chosen buffer in the selected window (the window that the cursor is in) is also XEmacs's selected buffer, the buffer in which editing takes place. When we speak of what some command does to "the buffer", we mean the currently selected buffer. *Note Buffers::. POS tells you whether there is additional text above the top of the screen or below the bottom. If your file is small and it is completely visible on the screen, POS is `All'. Otherwise, POS is `Top' if you are looking at the beginning of the file, `Bot' if you are looking at the end of the file, or `NN%', where NN is the percentage of the file above the top of the screen. MAJOR is the name of the "major mode" in effect in the buffer. At any time, each buffer is in one and only one major mode. The available major modes include Fundamental mode (the least specialized), Text mode, Lisp mode, and C mode. *Note Major Modes::, for details on how the modes differ and how you select one. MINOR is a list of some of the "minor modes" that are turned on in the window's chosen buffer. For example, `Fill' means that Auto Fill mode is on. `Abbrev' means that Word Abbrev mode is on. `Ovwrt' means that Overwrite mode is on. *Note Minor Modes::, for more information. `Narrow' means that the buffer being displayed has editing restricted to only a portion of its text. This is not really a minor mode, but is like one. *Note Narrowing::. `Def' means that a keyboard macro is being defined. *Note Keyboard Macros::. Some buffers display additional information after the minor modes. For example, Rmail buffers display the current message number and the total number of messages. Compilation buffers and Shell mode display the status of the subprocess. If XEmacs is currently inside a recursive editing level, square brackets (`[...]') appear around the parentheses that surround the modes. If XEmacs is in one recursive editing level within another, double square brackets appear, and so on. Since information on recursive editing applies to XEmacs in general and not to any one buffer, the square brackets appear in every mode line on the screen or not in any of them. *Note Recursive Edit::. XEmacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode lines. To enable this feature, type `M-x display-time'. The information added to the mode line usually appears after the file name, before the mode names and their parentheses. It looks like this: HH:MMpm L.LL [D] (Some fields may be missing if your operating system cannot support them.) HH and MM are the hour and minute, followed always by `am' or `pm'. L.LL is the average number of running processes in the whole system recently. D is an approximate index of the ratio of disk activity to CPU activity for all users. The word `Mail' appears after the load level if there is mail for you that you have not read yet. Customization note: the variable `mode-line-inverse-video' controls whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video (assuming the terminal supports it); `nil' means no inverse video. The default is `t'. For X frames, simply set the foreground and background colors appropriately.